Discussion: Epidemiology of Allergies
Discussion: Epidemiology of Allergies
ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: Discussion: Epidemiology of Allergies
Peer reply: pharma DB
1- Yaima
Struggling to Meet Your Deadline?
Get your assignment on Discussion: Epidemiology of Allergies done on time by medical experts. Don’t wait – ORDER NOW!
Meet my deadline
Discuss the epidemiology of allergies.
Several different types of allergies are relevant when discussing the epidemiology of the allergic disease. These include allergic rhinitis, drug allergy, and food allergies. Allergic rhinitis affects between 10-30% of the total population. Some degree of sensitization is indicated by IgE antibodies (immunoglobulin E antibodies produced by the immune system that target immune cells causing chemical release leading to an allergic reaction).
Adverse drug reactions are common and are thought to affect up to 1 in 10 of the general population worldwide. To further, the relative risk is approximately double for hospitalized patients. The incidence of cases of anaphylaxis that result in fatal outcomes may also be linked to drug allergies. The most prevalent food allergen is peanuts, followed by milk and shellfish.
Common food allergies include Peanuts, Milk, Shellfish, Eggs, Tree nuts (e.g., walnuts, almonds, pine nuts, brazil nuts, pecans), Soy, Grains with gluten (e.g., wheat, barley, rye, oats), and Fish. The severity of these allergies can vary significantly, and some individuals may not experience significant effects with dietary intakes, although a sensitive response is observed in an experimental testing environment.
What are your treatment options (consider pharmacoeconomic)? Compare first and second-generation antihistamines.
You can treat allergy symptoms with over-the-counter, prescription medications and allergy shots. Lifestyle changes like using air filters and avoiding triggers are essential, too. Different drugs can treat allergies, including steroids and allergy shots, but usually, the first thing to try is an antihistamine.
While the first-generation H1 antihistamines have a significant effect and, thus, are also used as sedatives, second-generation H1 antihistamines have less central effects and are used primarily as antiallergenic drugs. Histamine is a biologically active substance that potentiates the inflammatory and immune responses of the body, regulates physiological function in the gut, and acts as a neurotransmitter.
Drugs that antagonize these effects by blocking or inhibiting histamine receptors (H receptors) are called antihistamines. Antihistamines are divided into two classes (H1 antihistamines and H2 antihistamines), based on the type of H receptor targeted. H1 antihistamines are mainly used to treat allergic reactions and mast cell-mediated disorders. This subtype is further divided into two generations. While first-generation H1 antihistamines have a significant effect and, thus, are also used as sedatives, second-generation H1 antihistamines have fewer central effects and are used primarily as antiallergenic drugs.
H2 antihistamines are indicated mainly for gastric reflux disease because they reduce the production of stomach acid by reversibly blocking the H2 histamine receptors in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. The use of most H1 and H2 antihistamines is contraindicated during pregnancy and childhood. First-generation H1 antihistamines are contraindicated explicitly in angle-closure glaucoma and pyloric stenosis.
What education will you provide to the patient?
To reduce your exposure to the things that trigger your allergy signs and symptoms (allergens):
Stay indoors on dry, windy days. The best time to go outside is after a good rain, which helps clear pollen from the air.
Delegate lawn mowing, weed pulling, and other gardening chores that stir up allergens.
Remove clothes you’ve worn outside and shower to rinse pollen from your skin and hair.
Don’t hang laundry outside – pollen can stick to sheets and towels.
Wear a pollen mask if you do outside chores.
Use the air conditioning in your house and car.
If your house has forced air heating or air conditioning, use high-efficiency filters and follow regular maintenance schedules.
Keep indoor air dry with a dehumidifier.
Use a portable high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter in your bedroom.
Clean floors often with a vacuum cleaner that has a HEPA filter.
References
Muñoz-Furlong A. Food allergy in schools: concerns for allergists, pediatricians, parents, and school staff. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015; 93(5) (suppl 3):S47-S50.
Decker WW, Campbell RL, Manivannan V, et al. The etiology and incidence of anaphylaxis in Rochester, Minnesota: a report from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;122(6):1161-1165.
2- Triana
Discuss the epidemiology of allergies.
Allergic diseases are the most common chronic conditions throughout the patient’s life. They cause a significant deterioration in patients’ quality of life, leading to substantial absenteeism and reduced productivity, resulting in high costs for society (Kuna et al., 2016). Several different types of allergies are relevant when discussing the epidemiology of the allergic disease.
These include allergic rhinitis, drug allergy, and food allergies. While AR is influenced by genetic predisposition, the symptom presentation also depends on environmental exposures. In addition, the disease can co-present with other conditions, such as asthma and other infectious diseases, which could further complicate the disease diagnosis.A robust association of rhinitis was found among individuals with allergic and non-allergic asthma. Among patients with persistent and severe rhinitis, asthma was found to prevail.
What are your treatment options (consider pharmaco-economic)? Compare first and second-generation antihistamines.
Discussion: Epidemiology of Allergies
Therefore, effective and safe treatment of allergic diseases is one of the main challenges for public health. It should be carried out by all the specialists in family medicine, internists, and pediatricians in collaboration with allergists, otorhinolaryngologists, and dermatologists.
Antihistamines are most commonly used in the treatment of allergies. Several dozen drugs are available on the pharmaceutical market, and their generic forms are advertised widely as very effective drugs for treating allergic diseases (Kuna, et al., 2016).
The total cost of allergic diseases brings both reduced quality of life and also direct costs of drugs and health services as well as indirect social costs such as the absence from work; it also decreases productivity and concentration and generates learning disorders and concomitant diseases (Kuna, et al., 2016).
Histamine plays an important role in human physiology, influencing immunoregulation of the acute and chronic inflammatory response through 4 different types of receptors, called H1, H2, H3, and H4. Drugs classified in the first generation of antihistamines (sometimes called “classical” antihistamines) act non-selectively.
Apart from all histaminic receptors, they also block muscarinic, adrenergic (or adrenoreceptors) and dopaminergic receptors, causing cardiovascular, urinary and gastrointestinal adverse reactions (Kuna, et al., 2016).
The described characteristics and easy usage as well as affordable price led to the inclusion of second-generation antihistaminic drugs in all global and local recommendations as the drugs of choice in all forms of allergic rhinitis and urticaria.
The most frequently cited are ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) guidelines, which discuss pharmacotherapy and present the second generation anti-H1 drugs in the first place, recommending them in all adults and children (Kuna, et al., 2016).
What education will you provide to the patient?
A primary focus of patient education is the importance of avoiding exposure to allergens. Patients should be prepared with multiple methods to eliminate or minimize indoor allergens such as mold, pet dander, and dust mites.
For example, indoor mold may be controlled by eliminating excess moisture with dehumidifiers and frequently cleaning damp areas such as bathrooms with a bleach-and-water solution. Pets may be avoided altogether, or dander may be limited by using high-efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) air filters and allergen-resistant bedding.
Dust mites may be reduced by avoiding carpet, frequently washing drapes and bedding, and wiping surfaces with a damp cloth or mop daily. Outdoor allergens, such as pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds are more difficult to control. Exposure may be decreased by showering before bed, keeping windows shut, and using an air conditioner (Felicia Spadini, MSN, 2016).
Reference
Woo, T. M., & Robinson, M. V. (2016). Pharmacotherapeutics for advance practice nurse prescribers. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
Kuna, P., Jurkiewicz, D., Czarnecka-Operacz, M. M., Pawliczak, R., Woroń, J., Moniuszko, M., & Emeryk, A. (2016, December). The role and choice criteria of antihistamines in allergy management – expert opinion. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5183790/
Allergic Rhinitis: Counseling Points for Better Patient Outcomes. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://contemporaryclinic.pharmacytimes.com/journals/issue/2016/april2016/allergic-rhinitis-counseling-points-for-better-patient-outcomes.
You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly.
Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often, having a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors is advantageous. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.
Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.
Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.
The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on each page’s top, bottom, and sides. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.
ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS
Discussion Questions (DQ)
Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.
Weekly Participation
Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ are graded separately and do not count toward participation.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.
APA Format and Writing Quality
Familiarize yourself with the APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.
Use of Direct Quotes
I discourage the overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Master’s level students, you must be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.
LopesWrite Policy
For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report, and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper more of someone else’s thoughts than yours?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.
Late Policy
The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.
Communication
Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask questions or send messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours. Discussion: Epidemiology of Allergies
